Awareness and Adoption of E Banking in Pakistan Free Essays

Unique: This investigation plans to comprehend customers’ observation towards reception and attention to electronic banking in Pakistan. The results would help the strategy creators to create successful methodologies for future viewpoint of electronic banking in a nation. The outcomes recommend that banks’ clients in Pakistan see electronic banking as an apparatus for limiting burden, limiting danger of conveying money and efficient. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mindfulness and Adoption of E Banking in Pakistan or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Clients further accept that electronic financial builds odds of government access to open information, expands odds of misrepresentation and information misfortunes. It decreases cost and spare our valuable time. There are likewise a few confinements of e-banking as it expects abilities to work it and passwords can be hacked. This exploration paper talked about that individuals of Pakistan are very much aware of electronic banking however they are not happy with the administrations gave by the bank and they additionally feel chance in that administration that’s why they trust more on workers. It contains various socioeconomics and their relationship with research questions. The outcomes infer that different clients fragments don't contrast in sentiments towards advantages and dangers related with e-banking. This paper additionally remembers proposals for which it portrays that what systems the banks ought to decide to build the fulfillment of clients Keywords: electronic banking; e-banking; customers’ observation; reception; Pakistan, e-banking in Pakistan, e-banking, SMS banking, ATM I. Presentation The improvements occurring in data and correspondence innovation are expanding rivalry in money related organizations around the world. Advancement of electronic dissemination directs in monetary industry has totally changed the conventional bankâ€customer relationship as of late. It has diminished individual contacts between the specialist organizations and the clients (Barnes and Howlett, 1998). The situation is additionally changed with expanded rivalry among banks and non-bank monetary establishments (Zineldin, 1996). In this way an improved comprehension of why a few people receive one distributional channel and others don't, close by a recognizable proof of the components that may impact this choice is imperative to explore (Patricio, 2003). Consequently, the arrangement of cutting edge innovations is fundamental to accomplish a serious edge. In the realm of banking, the improvement of data innovation enormously affects advancement of increasingly adaptable installments techniques and then some easy to use banking administrations. As of late, the financial business was profoundly influenced by the innovation development that changed the manner in which banks convey their administrations, utilizing advances, for example, mechanized teller machines, telephones, the Internet, Mastercards, and electronic money. In accordance with worldwide patterns, electronic banking in Pakistan has been experiencing numerous changes. Electronic banking is a term for the procedure by which a client may perform banking exchanges electronically without visiting a physical establishment. Electronic financial alludes to frameworks that empower bank clients to get to records and general data on bank items and administrations through a (PC) or other astute gadget. There are numerous advantages of e-banking as it gives simple approach to screen a record, we can shop, take care of tabs, purchase things at closeout, and move cash from anyplace whenever, it lessens costs, it spares time, and the other way around. Targets This investigation centers around mindfulness and appropriation of electronic banking in Pakistan. Our goals of this exploration were to: 1. Check familiarity with electronic banking in Pakistan. 2. Check why individuals don't know about electronic banking. 3. Know whether the individuals know about electronic financial at that point to how much degree. 4. Check whether banks of Pakistan are giving electronic banking or not. 5. To locate the basic characteristics that clients anticipate significant while utilizing electronic banking. 6. To locate the key factors that influence customers’ assessments towards chance related with electronic banking. 7. To comprehend the connection between segment qualities of clients and their recognitions towards electronic banking. 8. To introduce results and suggestions which are adroit to specialists and banks keen on electronic banking. This exploration is significant on the grounds that it tells investors that how much individuals in Pakistan know about and receive the electronic banking and to what amount broaden. It additionally instructs them to improve their e-banking administrations in Pakistan. Electronic banking in Pakistan State-claimed banks overwhelmed the Pakistani money related market before 1990. The administration presented financial progression approaches in 1991 when two littler banks, Muslim Commercial Bank and Allied Bank were privatized. From that point forward, the legislature consistently upheld the privatization of existing state-claimed undertakings and energized the private and outside banks to arrangement their organizations in the nation. Ongoing securing of privately possessed Union Bank by Standard Chartered Bank demonstrates outside enthusiasm for local budgetary market. As per State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) yearly report (2005), there were 35 business banks, including 16 private saves money with (797 branches), 11 remote manages an account with (82 branches), 4 privatized saves money with (4,141 branches) and 4 open keeps money with (1,543 branches), separately. Electronic banking is a development in the arrangement of mechanical marvels. Computerized teller machine (ATM), phone banking, web banking, Mastercards and platinum cards, and so on have developed as viable conveyance channels for customary financial items. In Pakistan, outside banks took a lead by presenting ATM and charge cards in mid-1990s followed by residential banks in late 1990s. Yearly Report of SBP (2003, p. 110) clarified this postponement in electronic banking to a great extent by administrative obstacles, higher startup costs, a continuous financial segments changes and absence of specialized abilities. The legislature additionally presented Electronic Transaction Ordinance in 2002. This mandate gives lawful acknowledgment to advanced marks and documentation. Subsequently lessening the dangers related with the utilization of electronic mechanism of business. At present, practically all business banks in Pakistan have arrangement their ATM systems, giving charge and Mastercards and have gone along with one of the two working ATM Switch Networks. As indicated by Kolachi (2006) Pakistani banks give the accompanying web based financial administrations and items. 1. Enquiry, account articulation enquiry, account balance enquiry, check explanation enquiry, fixed store enquiry 2. Installment, reserves move, Visa installments, direct installments, service charges installments 3. Solicitation, checkbook demand, stop installment demand, request draft demand, new fixed store demand 4. Download, client profile, proclamation download, other data and rules downloads. 4 Literature survey Consumers’ observations towards reception of electronic banking have pulled in numerous scientists lately. Thornton and White (2001) who looked at seven dispersion electronic directs accessible for banks in US presumed that customers’ direction, for example, comfort, administration, innovation change, information about processing and accessibility of web influenced the use of various channels. As per Hagel and Hewlin (1997) the Internet banking turned out to be alluring to clients and heaps of banks in light of the fact that the innovation is being acknowledged by them and they would now be able to comprehend and have data about the mind boggling items. These days banks are additionally confronting a ton of rivalry and need a high piece of the overall industry and offer better types of assistance to its clients with the goal that they can draw in the new clients and old clients don't attempt to leave them. Howcroft et al. 2002) found that the most significant components that have urged customers to utilize internet banking are lower charges followed by lessening paper work and human mistake which consequently limit the human questions (Kiang et al. , 2000). Byers and Lederer, (2001 ) inferred that it was changing customer mentalities as opposed to bank cost structures that decides the adjustments in dispersion channels; they included that virtual banks must be beneficial w hen the fragment that inclines toward electronic media is around double the size of the section favoring road banks. Diminishing in level of clients visiting saves money with an expansion in elective channels of dissemination will likewise limit the lines in branches (Thornton and White, 2001). Web banking expands intensity of the clients to make value correlation across providers rapidly and effectively, which in this manner pushes the cost and edges downwards (Devlin, 1995). Albeit, electronic banking gives numerous chances to the banks, it is additionally the situation that the present financial administrations gave through Internet are constrained because of security concerns, intricacy and innovative issues (Sathye, 1999: Mols, 1999). Dangers related to electronic banking Although web gives numerous chances to banks yet the case current financial administrations through web are restricted because of security concerns, multifaceted nature and mechanical issues (Mols, 1999; Sathye, 1999). Hewer and Howcroft (1999) alluded the term trust to quantify a hazard. While, Suganthi et al. (2001) saw chance in setting of security concerns and hazard in setting of trust in one’s bank. At last, various investigations additionally discovered trust and saw dangers impact ommitment (Bhattacherjee, 2002; Mukherjee and Nath, 2003) and eventually leads towards by and large fulfillment (Rexha et al. , 2003). Notoriety of a specialist organization is another significant factor influencing trust. Doney and Cannon (1997) characterized notoriety as the degree to which custome

Glutathione Free Essays

string(72) to respond with the phone proteins, murdering the phones in the process. Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide that contains an irregular peptide linkage between the amine gathering of cysteine (which is joined by typical peptide linkage to a glycine) and the carboxyl gathering of the glutamate side-chain. It is a cancer prevention agent, forestalling harm to significant cell parts brought about by responsive oxygen species, for example, free radicals and peroxides. [2] Thiol bunches are decreasing operators, existing at a centralization of around 5 mM in creature cells. We will compose a custom paper test on Glutathione or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Glutathione lessens disulfide bonds framed inside cytoplasmic proteins to cysteines by filling in as an electron contributor. All the while, glutathione is changed over to its oxidized structure glutathione disulfide (GSSG), additionally called L(- )- Glutathione. Glutathione is found only in its diminished structure, since the chemical that returns it from its oxidized structure, glutathione reductase, is constitutively dynamic and inducible upon oxidative pressure. Truth be told, the proportion of decreased glutathione to oxidized glutathione inside cells is regularly utilized as a proportion of cell poisonousness. 3] Glutathione isn't a fundamental supplement (which means it doesn't need to be acquired through food), since it very well may be orchestrated in the body from the amino acids L-cysteine, L-glutamic corrosive, and glycine. The sulfhydryl (thiol) gathering (SH) of cysteine fills in as a proton benefactor and is answerable for the natural action of glutathione. Arrangemen t of this amino corrosive is the rate-restricting element in glutathione union by the cells, since cysteine is moderately uncommon in staples. Besides, whenever discharged as the free amino corrosive, cysteine is harmful and unexpectedly catabolized in the gastrointestinal tract and blood plasma. [4] Glutathione is incorporated in two adenosine triphosphate-subordinate advances: * First, gamma-glutamylcysteine is combined from L-glutamate and cysteine by means of the catalyst gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (a. k. a. glutamate cysteine ligase, GCL). This response is the rate-restricting advance in glutathione combination. reference needed] * Second, glycine is added to the C-terminal of gamma-glutamylcysteine by means of the compound glutathione synthetase. Creature glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a heterodimeric compound made out of a synergist (GCLC) and modulatory (GCLM) subunit. GCLC comprises all the enzymatic movement, though GCLM builds the synergist productivity of GCLC. Mice lacking GCLC (I. e. , all once more GSH amalgamation) bite the dust before birth. [5] Mice lacking GCLM show no outward phenotype, yet di splay stamped decline in GSH and expanded affectability to poisonous put-down. 6][7][8] While all cells in the human body are fit for blending glutathione, liver glutathione amalgamation has been demonstrated to be basic. Mice with hereditarily instigated loss of GCLC (I. e. , GSH union) just in the liver kick the bucket inside multi month of birth. [9] The plant glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a redox-delicate homodimeric compound, monitored in the plant realm. [10] In an oxidizing domain, intermolecular disulfide spans are shaped and the protein changes to the dimeric dynamic state. The mid-point capability of the basic cysteine pair is - 318 mV. Notwithstanding the redox-subordinate control is the plant GCL protein criticism hindered by GSH. [11] GCL is only situated in plastids, and glutathione synthetase is double focused to plastids and cytosol, along these lines are GSH and gamma-glutamylcysteine sent out from the plastids. [12] Both glutathione biosynthesis catalysts are fundamental in plants; thump outs of GCL and GS are deadly to incipient organism and seedling. [13] The biosynthesis pathway for glutathione is found in certain microorganisms, similar to cyanobacteria and proteobacteria, however is absent in numerous other microscopic organisms. Most eukaryotes incorporate glutathione, including people, yet some don't, for example, Leguminosae, Entamoeba, and Giardia. The main archaea that make glutathione are halobacteria. [14][15] [edit] Function Glutathione exists in diminished (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) states. In the decreased express, the thiol gathering of cysteine can give a diminishing proportionate (H++ e-) to other precarious particles, for example, receptive oxygen species. In giving an electron, glutathione itself gets responsive, however promptly responds with another receptive glutathione to shape glutathione isulfide (GSSG). Such a response is conceivable because of the generally high centralization of glutathione in cells (up to 5 mM in the liver). GSH can be recovered from GSSG by the protein glutathione reductase. In solid cells and tissue, over 90% of the absolute glutathione pool is in the decreased structure (GSH) and under 10% exists in the disulfide structure (GSSG). An expanded GSSG-to-GSH proportion is viewed as demonstrative of oxidative pressure. Glutathione has various capacities: It is the major endogenous cancer prevention agent delivered by the cells, taking an interest legitimately in the balance of free radicals and responsive oxygen mixes, just as keeping up exogenous cancer prevention agents, for example, nutrients C and E in their decreased (dynamic) structures. [16][citation needed] * Regulation of the nitric oxide cycle, which is basic forever however can be tricky if unregulated [17] * Through direct conjugation, it detoxifies numerous xenobiotics (outside mixes) and cancer-causing agents, both natural and inorganic. This incorporates overwhelming metals, for example, mercury, lead, and arsenic. [citation needed] * It is fundamental for the safe framework to apply its maximum capacity, e. g. , (1) balancing antigen introduction to lymphocytes, along these lines impacting cytokine creation and sort of reaction (cell or humoral) that creates, (2) improving multiplication of lymphocytes, in this manner expanding size of reaction, (3) upgrading slaughtering action of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, and (4) directing apoptosis, consequently keeping up control of the safe reaction. reference needed] * It assumes a key job in various metabolic and biochemical responses, for example, DNA union and fix, protein blend, prostaglandin combination, amino corrosive vehicle, and chemical initiation. In this way, every framework in the body can be influenced by the condition of the glutathione framework, particularly the invulnerable framework, the sensory system, the gastrointestinal framework and the lungs. [4 ] Function in creatures GSH is known as a substrate in both conjugation responses and decrease responses, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase chemicals in cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. Be that as it may, it is likewise equipped for taking an interest in non-enzymatic conjugation with certain synthetic concoctions. On account of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the responsive cytochrome P450-receptive metabolite framed by paracetamol (or acetaminophen as it is known in the US), that becomes harmful when GSH is drained by an overdose of acetaminophen, Glutathione is a basic antitoxin to overdose. Glutathione conjugates to NAPQI and assists with detoxifying it. In this limit, it ensures cell protein thiol gatherings, which would some way or another become covalently altered; when the sum total of what GSH has been spent, NAPQI starts to respond with the phone proteins, murdering the phones all the while. You read Glutathione in classification Papers The favored treatment for an overdose of this painkiller is the organization (generally in atomized type) of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (regularly as a trademarked readiness called Mucomystâ ® [1]), which is prepared by cells to L-cysteine and utilized in the once more union of GSH. Glutathione (GSH) takes an interest in leukotriene combination and is a cofactor for the compound glutathione peroxidase. It is additionally significant as a hydrophilic particle that is added to lipophilic poisons and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can turn out to be a piece of the bile. Glutathione is additionally required for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a poison created as a result of digestion. This detoxification response is done by the glyoxalase framework. Glyoxalase I (EC 4. 4. 1. ) catalyzes the change of methylglyoxal and diminished glutathione to S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3. 1. 2. 6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione to glutathione and D-lactic corrosive. Glutathione has as of late been utilized as an inhibitor of melanin in the beautifiers business. In nations like Japan and the Philippines, this item is sold as a brightening cleanser. Glutathione seriously restrains melanin blend in the response of tyro sinase and L-DOPA by interfering with L-DOPA’s capacity to tie to tyrosinase during melanin combination. The hindrance of melanin blend was turned around by expanding the convergence of L-DOPA, yet not by expanding tyrosinase. Despite the fact that the orchestrated melanin was accumulated inside 1 h, the collection was restrained by the expansion of glutathione. These outcomes demonstrate that glutathione hinders the union and agglutination of melanin by intruding on the capacity of L-DOPA. â€Å"[18] Function in plants In plants, glutathione is significant for biotic and abiotic stress the executives. It is a significant part of the glutathione-ascorbate cycle, a framework that diminishes noxious hydrogen peroxide. 19] It is the forerunner of phytochelatins, glutathione oligomeres that chelate overwhelming metals, for example, cadmium. [20] Glutathione is required for proficient barrier against plant pathogens, for example, Pseudomonas syringae and Phytophthora brassicae. [21] APS reductase, a catalyst of the sulfur absorption pathway utilizes glutathione as electron benefactor. Diffe rent compounds utilizing glutathione as substrate are glutaredoxin, these little oxidoreductases are engaged with bloom advancement, salicylic corrosive and plant resistance flagging. [22] [edit] Supplementation Raising GSH levels through direct supplementation of glutathione is troublesome. Research proposes that glutathione taken orally isn't all around retained over the gastrointestinal tract. In an investigation of intense oral organization of a very l

Who is Matt COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Who is Matt COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you have been reading this blog you will notice that in every entry thus far the author is listed as Matt.   A kind person recently emailed a comment about the blog and indicated they did not know who Matt is.   I guess I never really introduced myself formally on the blog. My name is Matt Clemons.   My Mom is really the only one who calls me Matthew but I respond to either name.   I am the Director of Admissions and Financial Aid.   I was born and raised in Portland, Oregon and in addition to living in New York City have lived in Pusan, South Korea and Santa Clara, California.   What would I be doing if I was not typing this?   I would be riding my bike.   I am an avid cyclist and ride my bike to and from work every day.   I absolutely love my job and higher education in general. Why should you heed the advice I put on the blog other than the fact that I work at SIPA?   Well, I have been working in higher education since George H.W. Bush was in office, but perhaps of more relevance to you is the fact that I obtained a professional graduate degree and borrowed money and received free money to do so.     So the advice I give is based not only on my work experience, but on my personal experience as a student.   Also of note is that I enrolled in my graduate program at age 28, very close to the average age of a new SIPA student. I will not bore you with other details about me, but I will share a quick personal story that is always on my mind this time of year.   This is a tough time of year for me because not all admission decisions can be favorable.   It is tough to deny applicants that really have their heart set on something.   That is where my story comes in . . . Many, many years ago when I was a senior in college (and the walk to classes was uphill both ways) I knew that I wanted to get out of the U.S. for a while after graduating.   I had my heart set on the Peace Corps and enthusiastically submitted my application.   A few months later I got a letter in the mail telling me a story many people hear this time of year: it was a very qualified and deep pool and I did not make the cut.   It was very hard news for me to hear at the time, but looking back, it was the best thing that ever happened to me. I still wanted to go overseas so I applied for English teaching jobs in several countries and ended up taking a job in Pusan, South Korea.   I not only had a wonderful time in Korea, I met my wife while teaching.   Looking back, I could not be more thankful that the Peace Corps letter was not the one I was looking for, even though at the time I received it I was dismayed. I tell this story because it is not easy for me to sign off on deny letters and I always hope that people realize that life is full twists and turns.   We often grapple to understand why things often do not turn out the way we want them to, only later to realize that difficult news opened doors we were later happy to walk through.   Many of you will receive offers of admission and you will come to SIPA and do wonderful things.   I have no doubt that those who do not come to SIPA will also go on to do wonderful things to help make the world a better place. So, I am the man behind the blog and that is a little bit about me and what is on my mind this time of year.   Back to reading . . . and no, decisions have not started to out yet more on that next week so stay tuned.

Judaism And Judaism - 2022 Words

I am writing my research paper over Judaism and the Holocaust. I think that Jewish religion is very interesting and I love learning about the Holocaust. I am going to start out by explaining the overview of some Jewish history and the four main branches. Judaism is known to be one of the oldest religions in the world today. Jewish history extends back though the ancient Israelite and Hebrew people to Abraham. The basic facts of Judaism are found in beliefs, history, and practices. Jewish beliefs begin with the conviction that there is only one God, who not only created the universe, but with whom every Jew can have an individual and personal relationship. This important truth is revealed through the sacred writings of men like Moses and the prophets, the most important of which is the Torah. In Judaism, religion isn’t one aspect of life, it is life. There are holidays and celebrations year round, like Passover and bar mitzvahs, to commemorate what God has done in the past and is doing in people’s lives today. In the beginning of the 21st century, around 14 million people identify themselves as Jews. And there are four main branches or denominations in Judaism, each of which has a different approaches to religious life. In North America today, the four main branches of Judaism are Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist. Within these denominations themselves, there is a great degree of variation in practice and observance. Orthodoxy is the modern classificationShow MoreRelatedJudaism And The Temple Of Judaism Essay2349 Words   |  10 Pagestopic of Judaism may come with stereotypical opinions and â€Å"Christian Judgement† that are without merit or understanding. Judaism, by a Christian worldview, had to change after Pentecost, since the animal sacrifice to atone for sin Christ completed on the Cross. However, Judaism does not accept this truth of Christ and His work on the cross, but Judaism remains in the world. So, what wa s this change in Judaism and when did it take place? There have been numerous fluctuations within Judaism, only theRead MoreJudaism : The Dynamic Nature Of Judaism957 Words   |  4 PagesJudaism The dynamic nature of Judaism offers a successful living religion as a result of its strongly withheld characteristics. Through essential characteristics such as central beliefs, sacred texts, writings, ethical teachings and rituals and ceremonies, Judaism offers a dynamic nature and liveable religion that connects an individual and society with its roots. The way this living religion advances and grows is because of its dynamic characteristics as a whole. Importantly, these characteristicsRead MoreJudaism s Views On Judaism949 Words   |  4 PagesJUDAISM First of all, before I begin with my research on Judaism, I did not consider that the Jews only believes in God. I thought that they accepted every word from the bible and that even though they have a Jewish calendar and different practices, that the bible that I use was quite similar with them with both Old Testament and New Testament. I knew that Judaism was the one of the oldest religions in the world that still exists today and was recorded in the bible. I had no indication that tellsRead MoreJudaism Vs. Christianity And Judaism1303 Words   |  6 PagesSherri Hollingsworth Archie Fugate ANT 130, 75Z1 November 10, 1015 Judaism vs. Christianity Christianity and Judaism are two religions that have similarities as well as differences. I plan to explore beliefs, religious ceremonies, and religious authorities in both Christianity and Judaism. Judaism originates from the time of Abraham and God made a covenant with Abraham promising him to make his ancestry a sacred people and provide them with a holy land. Meanwhile, Christianity derivesRead MoreModern Judaism And Traditional Judaism Essay2018 Words   |  9 Pages There is a fair amount of differences between modern and traditional Judaism. As this is the case, it is only natural that many well-known people in all walks of life can be considered â€Å"modern Jews.† This distinction is very important because as more famous people practice a more modern Jewish culture and lifestyle, more of the younger generations of the world quickly follow suit. Not only is modern Judaism accommodating towards modern scholarship, science, culture and a general modernity of theRead MoreModern Judaism And Traditional Judaism Essay2020 Words   |  9 Pages There are a fair amount of differences between modern and traditional Judaism. As this is the case it is only natural that many well-known people in all walks of life can be considered â€Å"modern Jews.† This distinction is very important because as more famous people practice a more modern Jewish culture and lifestyle, more of the younger generations of the world quickly follow suit. Not only is modern Judaism accommodating towards modern scholarship, science, culture and a general modernity of theRead MoreChristianity And Judaism : Christianity Vs. Judaism Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity vs. Judaism â€Å"If you take away the Jewish contribution to Christianity, there would be no Christianity. Judaism does not need Christianity to explain its existence; Christianity, however, cannot explain its existence without Judaism.† – John Hagee This quote synthesizes that Judaism was a foundation of Christianity. This is the fundamental reason they are the same; however, there are numerous reasons Judaism and Christianity are different. Comparing how these two religions justify theRead MoreJudaism Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesrise to Judaism after the destruction of the temple and the exile of Judah in 586 BC. The term Jew, in its biblical use, is almost exclusively postexilic. The Jewish religion of the biblical period evolved through such historical stages as the intertestamental, rabbinic, and medieval to the modern period of the nineteenth century with Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Judaism. Along the way Jewish religion took on new teachings and practices. But with the lengthy development of Judaism and itsRead MoreJudaism and Christianity1462 Words   |  6 Pages In a tree of monotheistic religions, Judaism and Christianity, despite sharing common roots and spiritual tradition associated with Abraham, for many centuries diverged and developed in their own distinct ways. The partition, based on different theological doctrines, evolves around the idea of the nature of human relationships with God, which in case of Judaism are based on the Law of Torah, and in Christianity stem from the belief in Jesus Christ and its cornerstone – the doctrine of TrinityRead MoreReform Judaism As Liberal And Progressive Judaism1837 Words   |  8 PagesReform Judaism also known as Liberal and Progressive Judaism is the large institutionalized religion that I chose. The locations that Reform Judaism is practiced in are 43 countries around the world and started in the Levant. They also have a headquarters in New York City, New York the Union for Reform Judaism, Central Conference of American Rabbis. â€Å"Reform Judaism emerged following the emancipati on from ghetto life in the late 18 th century. It sought to modernize Judaism and thus stem the tide

The Tyger By William Blake - 1168 Words

The coexistence of good and evil has caused many people throughout time to question their God and the way the world is. William Blake’s compilation of poems called the Songs of Innocence and Experience questions the good and evil in the daily lives of human beings. This collection of poems includes The Tyger, a partnered poem in the series with The Lamb. Blake offers a new way of interpreting God through His creations in The Tyger. Blake demonstrates the fierceness of the tyger’s creator throughout the poem. The tyger is viewed as a vicious creature that people view as a threat to their lives in many cases. A creature so evil to be created by a God depicted as loving baffles many people, Blake included it would seem. The narrator asks, â€Å"What immortal hand or eye / Could frame thy fearful symmetry?† (3, 4) This question is asked throughout Blake’s poem with the answer alluded to at the end. Blake wonders how the same God who made such a gentle lamb cou ld make such a frightening and blood thirsty creature like that of the evil tiger. The narrator uses imagery of the tiger being forged like one would forge a weapon. â€Å"What the hammer? what the chain? / In what furnace was thy brain?† (13, 14) These lines give an idea of the tiger being used as a weapon forged by God to show the power and fierceness that he holds. One may assume he forged such evil to strike fear and obedience in his followers. The image given to the reader is God as a blacksmith, hammering his creation in toShow MoreRelatedThe Tyger By William Blake Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tyger is a six-stanza poem written by an American poet, William Blake. This poem has many interpretation, in a way you could say it is a biblical as well as a symbolic poem, as ‘The Tyger’ is actually the contrast to one of Blake s other poem, The Lamb, both poems are from the book of â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience†. If you are familiar with the Christian Bible, it states â€Å"Jesus is the Lamb of God.† The Tyger is comprised of unanswered questions as to who could have created a terrifyingRead MoreWilliam Blake : The Tyger900 Words   |  4 PagesFerociously Created (Favorite Poem Written by William Blake: The Tyger) Poetry often has a way of speaking to certain people. Maybe not everyone can connect to every poem, but more so a specific poem. Maybe they can relate something that happened to them in their life that is similar to that in the poetry. Many times that is the case, sometimes others just simply like poems as well. They hear the words that it is saying and get exactly what it is trying to say and it speaks to them. This is a greatRead MoreThe Tyger By William Blake1290 Words   |  6 Pageswould place their trust in the blacksmith to forge high quality armour and weapons. The blacksmith was held in high regard for a lower-class citizen, and became a sort of anomaly in the hierarchy of a kingdom. William Blake evokes the image of a blacksmith as creator in his poem â€Å"The Tyger† to comment on the social and political situations of the times. He chooses a rough, rude and labour-driven artist as a way of rejecting the aesthetic features of art for more practical, albeit destruct ive formsRead MoreThe poem The Tyger by William Blake877 Words   |  3 PagesThese wise words of King James verse (1:5) of the bible portrays an underlying message that although we should follow in God’s path, we are not expected to follow blindly. Likewise, in the poem â€Å"The Tyger† by William Blake, it’s theme is a reflection of what this quote implies. Throughout this poem, Blake explores the possibility of questioning God while using the structure of the poem, as well as the irony of God’s character, and several sound devices in hopes of communicating a message, that to questionRead MoreThe Lamb And The Tyger By William Blake1330 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blake is an English poet, painter, and printmaker from the eighteenth century. With his unique way with words and mastery craftsmanship, he created an illustration collection of poems called Songs of Innocence and Experience in 1789. His most famous poems from Songs of Innocence and Experie nce are â€Å"The Lamb and The Tyger†. These poems use animals to attest to God’s role as the Creator, yet they possess contrasting tones and language of the speaker and present conflicting views of God’s powerRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Tyger1132 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake’s â€Å"The Tyger† and Tragedies William Blake wrote a set of poems in his collection Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Some of the poems in each collection were meant to be read together to show the difference between innocence and experience. Many people question why Blake wrote a two part series to his poems and what they could actually mean. Two specific poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† were meant to be read together. â€Å"The Lamb† is a part of Blake’s Songs of Innocence andRead MoreThe Lamb And The Tyger By William Blake996 Words   |  4 Pagescreated, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible† (Colossians 1:16). William Blake wrote poems about this very subject. In his twin poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger†, Blake uses different literary techniques such as sound, imagery and symbolism to echo the common theme of creation along with how it is viewed differently. William Blake’s use of sound in his poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger†, enhance the central idea of creation and the question of how one God can create such differentRead MoreSymbolism In The Tyger By William Blake901 Words   |  4 Pagespower must be brought into question. William Blake’s poem â€Å"The Tyger† accurately portrays this reality and brings this thinking of God into the light with his poem. In â€Å"The Tyger†, William Blake uses rhyme scheme, figurative language, and symbolism to convey the question of why God would allow for there to be evil, and create evil Himself. Blake’s use of rhyme scheme throughout the poem adds a rhythm and set pattern in the poem. For example, in â€Å"The Tyger†, Blake uses the rhyme scheme AABB throughoutRead MoreThe Tyger And The Lamb By William Blake991 Words   |  4 Pagesand event that has ever existed may have had bad effects in one situation, but good effects for another situation. And every human, by extension, has aspects about them that can be viewed as both good and evil. In his poems, â€Å"The Tyger† and, â€Å"The Lamb†, author William Blake explores the ideas of duality, and how each thing must have an equal opposite. He uses both these poems to further ruminate on this dichotomy and brings up many questions in the context of religion. He seeks to point out that inRead MoreThe Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pages William Blake, a unique poet of the literary canon, is one of the most critiqued poets of all time. Having a rather unique stylistic approach to topics, especially religion, Blake seems to contradict himself in his own writing and, therefore, sparks questions in the readers’ minds on specific subjects. Two of his poems in particular have been widely critiqued and viewed in various lights. â€Å"The Tyger,† written in 1774, and â€Å"The Lamb,† written five years later in 1789, are considered companion poems

The Return Midnight Chapter 15 Free Essays

string(142) " girls were marched into another building, this one fil ed with pal ets, smal er and not so comfortable-looking as Bonnie’s at the inn\." Bonnie woke slowly, coming up from some dark place. Then she wished she hadn’t. She was in some out-of-doors place – only buildings blocked the horizon where the sun hung forever. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Midnight Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Around her were a lot of other girls, al approximately her own age. That was puzzling, first of al . If you took a random sampling of females off the street there would be little girls crying for their mothers, and there would be mother-aged women taking care of them. There might be a few older women. This place looked more like – – oh, God, it looked like one of those slave warehouse places that they had had to pass the last time they had come to the Dark Dimension. The ones that Elena had ordered them not to look at or listen to. But now Bonnie felt sure she was inside one herself, and there was no way not to look at the Stillfaces, at the terrified eyes, at the quivering mouths around her. She wanted to speak, to find the way – there would have to be a way, Elena would insist – to get out. But first she gathered al the Power at her command, wrapped it into a cry, and soundlessly screamed Damon! Damon! Help! I really need you! Al she heard in return was silence. Damon! It’s Bonnie! I’m at a slave warehouse! Help! Suddenly she had a hunch, and lowered her psychic barriers. She was instantly crushed. Even here, at the edge of the city, the air was choked ful of long messages and short: cries of impatience, or camaraderie, of greeting, of solicitation. Longer, less impatient conversations about things, instructions, teasings, stories. She couldn’t keep up with it. It turned into a menacing wave of psychic sound that was curled like a wave about to break over her head, to crush her into a mil ion pieces. And then, all of a sudden, the telepathic melee vanished. Bonnie was able to focus her eyes on a blond girl, a little older than her and about four inches taller. â€Å"I said, are you okay?†the girl was repeating – obviously she’d been saying it for a while. â€Å"Yes,†Bonnie said automatically. No! Bonnie thought. â€Å"You might want to get ready to move. They’ve sounded the first dinnertime whistle, but you looked so out of it, I waited for the second one.† What am I supposed to say? Thank you seemed safest. â€Å"Thanks,†Bonnie said. Then her mouth said all on its own, â€Å"Where am I?† The blond girl looked surprised. â€Å"The depot for runaway slaves, of course.† Well, that was that. â€Å"But I didn’t run away,†she protested. â€Å"I was going right back after I got a sugarplum.† â€Å"I don’t know about that. I was trying to run away, but they finally caught me.†The girl slammed one fist into an open hand. â€Å"I knew I shouldn’t have trusted that litter carrier. Carried me right to the authorities and me blind and without a clue.† â€Å"You mean you had the litter curtains down – ?†Bonnie was asking, when a shril whistle interrupted her. The blond girl took hold of her arm and began dragging her away from the fence. â€Å"That’s the second service dinnertime whistle – we don’t want to miss that, because after that they shut us up for the night. I’m Eren. Who’re you?† â€Å"Bonnie.† Eren snorted and grinned. â€Å"All right by me.† Bonnie allowed herself to be led up a dirty stairway and into a dirty cafeteria. The blond girl, who seemed to regard herself as Bonnie’s keeper, handed her a tray, and pushed her along. Bonnie didn’t get any choice in what she was to have, not even to veto the noodles that were squirming slightly, but she did manage to snatch an extra bread rol in the end. Damon! Nobody was tel ing her not to send a message, so she kept on doing it. If she was going to be punished, she thought defiantly, she was going to be punished for trying to get out of here. Damon, I’m in a slave warehouse! Help me! Blond Eren grabbed a spork, so Bonnie did too. There were no knives. There were thin napkins, which relieved Bonnie, because that was where the Squirmy Noodles were going to end up. Without Eren, Bonnie would never have found a place at the tables, which were crammed with young girls eating. â€Å"Shove over, shove over,†Eren kept saying, until there was room for Bonnie and her. Dinner was a test of Bonnie’s courage – and also of how loud she could scream. â€Å"Why are you doing all this for me?†she shouted into Eren’s ear, when a lul in the deafening conversation gave her a chance. â€Å"Oh, Well, you being a redhead and all – it put me in mind of Aliana’s message, you know. To the reall Bonny.†She pronounced it oddly, sort of swall owing the y, but at least it wasn’t Bonna. â€Å"Which of them? Which message, I mean?†Bonnie screamed. Eren gave her an are you kidding look. â€Å"Help when you can, shelter when you have room, guide when you know where to go,†she said in a sort of impatient chant, then looked chagrined and added, â€Å"And be patient with the slow.†She attacked her food with an air of having said everything there was to say. Oh, boy, Bonnie thought. Somebody had really taken the balland run with it. Elena had never said any of those things. Yeah, but – but maybe she’d lived them, Bonnie thought, a tingling breaking out all over her body. And maybe somebody had seen her and made up the words. For instance, that crazy-looking guy she’d given her ring or bracelet or something to. She’d given her earrings away to people with signs, too. Signs that said: POETRY FOR FOOD. The rest of dinner was a matter of picking up food with the spork and not looking at it, crunching it once, and then deciding whether to spit into her Still-writhing napkin, or to try to swallow without tasting. Afterward the girls were marched into another building, this one fil ed with pal ets, smal er and not so comfortable-looking as Bonnie’s at the inn. You read "The Return: Midnight Chapter 15" in category "Essay examples" She was now horrified at herself for leaving that room. There she had had safety, she had had food that she could actual y eat, she had had entertainment – even the Dustbins were clothed in a golden glow of remembrance now – and she had had the chance of Damon finding her. Here she had nothing. But Eren seemed to have some mesmeric influence on the girls around, or else they al were Aliana-ites too, because when she shouted â€Å"Where’s a pal et? I’ve got a new girl in my bedroom. Think she’s gonna sleep on the bare floor?†And eventual y, a dusty pal et was passed hand over hand into Eren’s â€Å"bedroom† – a group of pal ets al spread with the heads together in the middle. In exchange, Eren handed over the wriggling napkin Bonnie had given her. â€Å"Share and share alike,†she said firmly, and Bonnie wondered if she thought Aliana had said that, too. A whistle shril ed. â€Å"Ten minutes until lights-out,†a hoarse voice shouted. â€Å"Every girl not on her pal et in ten minutes wil be punished. Tomorrow section C goes up.† â€Å"All right! We’re going to be bloody deaf before we’re sold,†Eren muttered. â€Å"Before we’re sold?†Bonnie repeated stupidly, even though she had known what would happen from the first moment she had recognized this as a warehouse for slaves. Eren turned and spat. â€Å"Yeah,†she said. â€Å"So you can have one more breakdown and then that’s it. Only two per customer, and by tomorrow you may wish you’d saved one up.† â€Å"I wasn’t going to have a breakdown,†Bonnie said, with al the courage at her command. â€Å"I was going to ask how we’re going to be sold. Is it at one of those horrible public places, where you have to stand in front of a crowd in just a shift?† â€Å"Yeah, that’s what most of us wil be doing,†a young girl, who had been crying quietly through dinner and the pal et-arranging time, spoke up in a soft voice. â€Å"But the ones they pick out as special items wil have to wait. They’l give us a bath and special clothes, but it’s al just so we look more presentable for the clients. So the clients can inspect us more closely.†She shuddered. â€Å"You’re frightening the new girl, Mouse,†Eren scolded. â€Å"We cal her Mouse, because she’s always so scared,†she told Bonnie. Bonnie silently screamed, Damon! Damon was decked out in his new captain of the guard suit. It was nice, being black on black, with lighter black piping (even Damon recognized the necessity of contrast). It had a cloak. And he was a ful vampire again, as powerful and prestigious as even he could have imagined. For a moment he simply luxuriated in the feeling of a job well done. Then he flexed his vampire muscles more strongly, urging Jessalyn, who was upstairs, into deeper sleep, while he sent tendrils of Power al over the Dark Dimension, sampling what was going on in different districts. Jessalyn†¦now there was a dilemma. Damon had the feeling that he should leave her a note or something, but he wasn’t quite sure what to say. What could he tel her? That he was gone? She would see that for herself. That he was sorry? Well, obviously he wasn’t so sorry that he’d chosen not to go. That he had duties elsewhere? Wait. That might actual y work. He could tel her that he needed to check up on her territory and that if he were to stay here in the castle he doubted he’d ever get anything done. He could tel her he’d be back†¦soon. Soonish. Soonishly. Damon pressed his tongue against a canine and felt the prompt rewarding sharpness and length. He real y wanted to try out those legendary Black Ops vs. vampires programs. He wanted to hunt, period. Of course, there was so much Black Magic wine about the place that when he stopped a male servant and asked for some, the servant had brought a magnum. Damon had been having flutes every now and then, but what he real y wanted was to go hunting. And not to hunt a slave and certainly not an animal, and it hardly seemed fair to wander the streets on the chance that there was a noblewoman to get to know better. It was at that moment that he remembered Bonnie. In a matter of three more minutes he had everything he needed to do wrapped up, including the annual delivery of dozens of roses to the princess in his name. Jessalyn had given him a very liberal al owance, and already advanced for the first month. In a matter of five minutes he was flying, though that was very bad manners on the street, and doubly so in a market district. In a matter of fifteen minutes he had his hands around the landlady’s neck, the one whom he had paid very well to make sure that exactly what had happened never happened. In sixteen minutes, the landlady was grimly offering him the life of her young and not very intel igent slave as recompense. He was Stillwearing his captain of guard suit. He could have the boy to kil , to torture, whatever†¦he could have the money back†¦ â€Å"I don’t want your filthy slave,†he snarled. â€Å"I want my own back! She’s worth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Here he came to a stop, trying to calculate how many ordinary girls Bonnie was worth. A hundred? A thousand? â€Å"She is worth infinitely more – â€Å"he began, when the landlady surprised him by interrupting. â€Å"Why’d you leave her in a dump like this, then?†she said. â€Å"Oh, yes, I know what my own lodgings are like. If she was so damn precious, why’d you leave her here?† Why had he left her in this place? Damon couldn’t think now. He’d been panicked, half out of his mind – that was what being human had done to him. He’d been thinking only about himself, while little Bonnie – fragile Bonnie, his little redbird – had been shut up in this filthy place. He didn’t want to keep thinking about it. It made him feel searing hot and icy cold at once. He demanded that a search be made of al the neighborhood buildings. Someone had to have seen something. Bonnie had been awakened too early and parted from Eren and Mouse. She immediately had an urge to lose control, to have a breakdown at once. She was shivering al over. Damon! Help me! Then she saw a girl who couldn’t seem to get up off her pal et and saw a woman with arms like a man’s go over with a white ash rod to administer punishment. And then something seemed to go blank in Bonnie’s mind. Elena or Meredith might have tried to stop the woman, or even this huge machine they were caught in, but Bonnie couldn’t. The only thing she could do was try not to have a breakdown. She had a song stuck in her head, not even a song she liked, but it repeated endlessly over and over as the slaves around her were dehumanized, broken into mechanical, but clean, mindless bodies. She was being scrubbed mercilessly by two muscular women whose whole life doubtless consisted of scrubbing grimy street girls into pink cleanliness – at least for a night. But final y her protests led the women to actual y look at her – with her fair, almost translucent skin scrubbed raw – and concentrate instead on washing her hair, which felt as if it were being pul ed out at the roots. Final y, though, she was done and was given an adequate towel with which to dry off. Next, in what she was realizing was a giant assembly line, were kinder plump women who stripped off the towel and proceeded to put her on a couch and massage her with oil. Just when she was starting to feel better she was hustled up to have the oil removed, except that which had soaked into her skin. Women then appeared who measured her, cal ing out the numbers as they did, and by the time Bonnie had tramped to the wardrobe station, three dresses were waiting for her on a bar. There was a black one, a green one, and a gray one. I’l get the green for sure because of my hair, Bonnie thought blankly, but after she had tried al three on, a woman took the green and gray away, leaving Bonnie in a little black bubble dress, strapless, with a glittery touch of white material at the neck. Next was a giant sanitary room, where her dress was careful y covered with a white paper robe that kept ripping. She was led to a chair with a hair dryer and the rudiments of makeup, which a white-shirted woman used to put too much on Bonnie’s face. Then the hair dryer was swung over her head, and Bonnie, with a stolen tissue, took off as much makeup as she dared. She didn’t want to look good, didn’t want to be sold. When she finished she had silvery eyelids, a touch of blush, and velvety rose-red lipstick that wouldn’t wipe off. After that she just sat and finger-combed her hair until it was dry, which the ancient machine announced with a ping. The next station was a bit like the day after Thanksgiving at a big shoe store. The stronger or more determined girls managed to wrench shoes away from their weaker sisters and jammed them on one foot, only to start the process again the next minute. Bonnie was lucky. She saw a tiny black shoe that had a faintly silvery bow coming down the ramp and kept her eye on it while it passed from girl to girl until someone dropped it and then she swooped in and tried it on. She didn’t know what she would have done if it hadn’t fit. But it did fit, and she went to the next station to get its mate. As she sat waiting, other girls were trying on perfume. Bonnie saw two entire bottles go down the bodices of girls and wondered if they meant to sel them or try to poison themselves with them. There were also flowers. Bonnie was already dizzy with perfume and had decided not to wear any, but a tal woman bel owed over her head and a garland of freesia was pinned to frame her curls, without anyone asking her permission. The last station was the hardest to bear. She had on no jewelry and would have worn only one bracelet with the dress. But she was given two: slim unbreakable plastic bracelets, each with a number on it – her identity from now on, she was told. Slave bracelets. She had now been washed, packaged, and stamped, so that she could be conveniently sold. Damon! she cried voicelessly, but something had died inside her, and she knew now that her cal s would not be answered. â€Å"She was picked up as a runaway slave and confiscated,†the sweetshop man told Damon impatiently. â€Å"And that’s al I know.† Damon was left with a feeling he didn’t often have. Sickening terror. He was real y beginning to believe that this time he had cut it too fine; that he would be too late to save his redbird. That any of several dreadful scenarios might have played out before he got to her. He couldn’t stand to visualize them in detail. What he would do if he didn’t find her in time†¦ He reached out and without the slightest effort gripped the sweetshop man around the throat, lifting him off the floor. â€Å"We need to have a little chat,†he said, turning the ful force of his menacing dark eyes on the bulging ones of his prey. â€Å"About just how she got confiscated. Don’t struggle. If you haven’t hurt the girl, you’ve got nothing to fear. If you have†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He pul ed the terrified man completely across the counter and said very softly, â€Å"If you have, then, by al means struggle. It won’t make any difference in the end – if you know what I mean?† The girls were put into the largest carriages Bonnie had yet seen in the Dark Dimension, three slim girls to a seat and two sets of seats in a carriage. She got a nasty jolt, though, when instead of going forward like a carriage, the whole thing was lifted straight up by sweaty male slaves straining at poles. It was a giant litter and Bonnie immediately snatched off her freesia garland and buried her nose in it. It had the added function of hiding her tears. â€Å"Do you have any idea of how many homes and dancing rooms and hal s and theaters there are where girls are being sold tonight?†The golden-haired Guardian looked at him sardonical y. â€Å"If I knew that,†Damon said with a cold and ominous smile, â€Å"I wouldn’t be here asking you.† The Guardian shrugged. â€Å"Our job is real y only to try to keep the peace here – and you can see how well we succeed. It’s a matter of too few of us; we’re insanely understaffed. But I can give you a list of the venues where girls are being sold. Still, as I said, I doubt you’l be able to find your runaway before morning. And by the way, we’l have an eye on you, because of your little query. If your runaway wasn’t a slave, she’s Imperial property – no humans are free here. If she was, and you freed her, as reported by the baker across the street – â€Å" â€Å"Sweet-sel er.† â€Å"Whatever. Then he had a right to use a stun gun when she ran. Better for her, real y, than being Imperial property; they tend to char, if you get my drift. That level’s a long way down.† â€Å"But if she was a slave – my slave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Then you can have her. But there’s a certain mandatory punishment set before you can have her. We want to discourage this kind of thing.† Damon looked at her with eyes that made her shrink and look away, abruptly losing her authority. â€Å"Why?†he demanded. â€Å"I thought you claimed to be from the other Court. You know. The Celestial one?† â€Å"We want to discourage runaways because there’ve been so many since some girl named Alianna came around,†the Guardian said, her frightened pulse visible in her temple. â€Å"And then they get caught and have even more reason to try it again†¦and it wears out the girl, eventual y.† There was no one in the Great Hal when Bonnie and the others were hustled off the giant litter and into the building. â€Å"It’s a new one, so it’s not on the lists,†Mouse said, unexpectedly at her shoulder. â€Å"Not that many people wil know about it, so it doesn’t fil up til late, when the music gets loud.† Mouse seemed to be clinging to her for comfort. That was fine, but Bonnie needed some comfort of her own. The next minute she saw Eren and, dragging Mouse behind her, headed for the blond girl. Eren was standing with her back against the wal . â€Å"Well, we can stand around like wal flowers,†she said, as a few men came in, â€Å"or we can look like we’re having the best time of any of them right here by ourselves. Who knows a story?† â€Å"Oh, I do,†Bonnie said absently, thinking of the star bal with its Five Hundred Stories for Young Ones. Instantly there was a clamor. â€Å"Tel it!†Ã¢â‚¬ Yes, please tel !† Bonnie tried to think of the fairy tales that she had experienced. Of course. The one about the kitsune treasure. How to cite The Return: Midnight Chapter 15, Essay examples

The History, Effect, and Cost of Drug Trafficking on Society Research Paper Example

The History, Effect, and Cost of Drug Trafficking on Society Paper When one hears the term drug trafficking, the image of guns, goons, and gold immediately enter the imagination. This is the image portrayed in Hollywood films regarding the trade and it carries a semblance of truth. Drug trafficking does have varied meanings though. I could mean the illegal smuggling of drugs from one country to another or the illegal sale of a controlled substance. In truth, the word carries a more intricate and expansive meaning. Drug trafficking covers the manufacture, sale, as well as the importation and exportation the illegal or controlled substances between national borders or countries. These are the areas covered by the national agencies of various countries enjoined in the fight to end global drug trafficking. Drug trafficking is a multi billion dollar industry that covers the entire globe. There is no possibility of totally eradicating a problem that has the all the nations in the world cooperating in a concerted effort to end the drug trade. It is an admitted fact that drugs are an important part of the evolution and lengthening of mans life. All prescription and over the counter drugs are regulated by government screening agencies in order to protect the patients, it is this protection that disappears when illegal drugs are bought and sold in the drug market. We even have legal yet harmless drugs such as caffeine readily available for that instant buzz when we need it anywhere in the world. In order to understand how and why the problem of drug trafficking has gotten out of hand, we must first understand the history of the problem. Some of the earliest recorded historical data on legalized drug trafficking can be traced back to 19th century Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on The History, Effect, and Cost of Drug Trafficking on Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The History, Effect, and Cost of Drug Trafficking on Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The History, Effect, and Cost of Drug Trafficking on Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This was a time in their history when they used Opium as a trading commodity with China. In exchange for Opium, the Chinese would give them tea and silk. By the 20th century, certain countries, such as the United States, and again, Great Britain, redefined their positions on drug use although it still had not evolved into the definition as we know it to be today. From this point on, the international drug trade began its evolution into the system that we recognize today with its fastest changes happening between 1970-1980. Due to the vast network of the drug trade and various monetary denominations used in paying for it, it is really impossible to have a definite declaration as to how much is really involved in this type of trading. It is, however, safe to assume that it is a multi-billion dollar industry spanning the globe. Illegal drugs are mostly developed in the third world countries and exported under the cover of darkness to the more developed counterparts for distribution. An example of this scenario would be drugs developed in Mexico and other Latin American countries like Costa Rica, would find its way into the United States. Due to the complexity of the global drug cartel, drug trafficking has become a problem that each country affected by the problem deals with on a country to country basis. This has been the situation for some time now because of the way countries view their drug problem. To quote an article from Parliamentary Information and Research service (Library of Parliament, 2003) A number of politicians in Latin America and elsewhere have argued that close international cooperation to address the drug trade would endanger national â€Å"sovereignty. † Because Europeans have long claimed that most drugs were only â€Å"passing through,† stopping the traffic was given a low priority. The United States considers itself the victim country in this scenario. This is why the country has always tried to set the path towards dealing with the problem. This is usually accomplished using bilateral agreements between nations. In their report for the Parliamentary Information and Research Service titled Illegal Drugs and Trafficking, authors Diane Leduc and James Lee (Leduc Lee. 2002) both noted that as of February 2002, President Bush had unveiled a new National Drug Control Strategy, based on three core principles: (1) stopping drug use before it starts; (2) healing America’s drug users; and (3) disrupting the market [for illegal drugs]. They further say that this strategy was set into motion in order to emphasize a balance between supply and demand reduction efforts. † Meaning that the U. S. will try to reduce the demand for drugs by preventing its entry and providing treatment for existing addicts while concentrating on stopping the inflow of the drugs into the country. The United Nations itself has been at the forefront of addressing the problem of drug trafficking by enacting various anti drug trafficking agreements since the 1960s. The founding of the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC) in 1971, with the support of United States, Germany, Sweden and Norway. Before World War II became a major battle, the United States saw its first battle when there was a surge of a drug epidemic at the start of the 20th century. This caused the government to take action by instructing domestic law enforcement to prevent the spread of opium and coca crops throughout the states. Due to the turbulent times during the sixties, the youth of that generation began dabbling in drugs like marijuana, amphetamines, and psychedelics. Due to the rising levels of drug use and emergence of new designer drugs like cocaine and crack, a drug culture came to being and in 1973 the creation of the United States Drug Enforcement Administration hoped to squash this underground society that dwelled on substance abuse. The mission objective of this agency was to enforce federal drug laws. The DEA as the agency came to known has had to face challenge after challenge in its quest to end drug trafficking. Drug trafficking has evolved into an arm of organized crime backed before by American criminals, into organizations that take their orders from overseas bosses who have a finger in the drug trade in the United States. The United States faces the biggest problem in dealing with the problem of drug trafficking due to the problem they have when it comes to protecting the border from Mexico. According to the statement made by DEA Administrator Donnie R. Marshall before the U. S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime (DEA Statement, 2001) dated March 29, 2001 Illicit drugs are smuggled in record levels into the United States via the 2,000-mile U. S. /Mexico border. Over the past few years, Mexican based trafficking organizations have succeeded in establishing themselves as the preeminent poly-drug traffickers of the world, using our shared border to smuggle illicit drugs into the United States. These organizations present an increasing threat to the national security of this country, with voluminous amount of drugs, violent crime, and the associated corruption of public officials in Mexico. Mexico is the largest transshipment point of South American cocaine destined for the United States, and 65% of this cocaine reaches American cities via the U. S. /Mexico border. Mexico also remains a major source country for heroin and marijuana, and many of these Mexican based trafficking organizations are utilized by Colombian Cartels to transship drugs destined for the United States. It is difficult to control the entrance of illegal drugs into the country because the drug traffickers can camouflage their illegal substances in any of the container loads legally entering the country. There are various ways that drug traffickers can use in order to get their drugs into the country. According to the United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA, 2004) Criminal groups operating from South America smuggle cocaine and heroin into the United States via a variety of routes, including land routes through Mexico, maritime routes along Mexicos east and west coasts, sea routes through the Caribbean, and international air corridors. Furthermore, criminal groups operating from neighboring Mexico smuggle cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, amphetamine, and marijuana into the United States. These criminal groups have smuggled heroin and marijuana across the Southwest Border and distributed them throughout the United States since the 1970s. In addition to distributing cocaine and methamphetamine in the West and Midwest, these Mexico-based groups now are attempting to expand the distribution of those drugs into eastern U. S. markets. Drugs manufactured in Western Europe such as Ecstasy get smuggled in via carriers on commercial flights or courier services. New York City is also a well-known distribution hub for drugs coming from Southeast and Southwest Asia. There is also a domestic drug developing market within the United States that produces marijuana, methamphetamine, PCP, and LSD. These backyard traffickers usually cater to the less moneyed high school and college crowds. In areas where drug use is rampant, such as the smaller cities and suburbs, there is an equivalent rise in criminal activities of the youth in that sector. It is believed that 65 % of cocaine orders get smuggled into the United States via the U. S. Mexico border. This supply is usually sourced from Colombia, the country that controls the supply of cocaine worldwide and has the capability to move the product by any means necessary. The Colombian cartel directly runs their US operations through a vast network of connections that sometimes include money laundering. The Colombian dealers have seemingly increased their confidence and support for their Mexican counterparts though and have, over some time, allowed Mexican cartels to make their presence felt in the drug trafficking world, specifically, in the United States. Basically though, the Colombians and Mexicans have divided their drug trafficking kingdom in the United States as they realized that by dividing the market, they lessened the danger of being discovered through their financial dealings with their distributors. Colombia now controls the eastern seaboard composed of Boston, Miami, Newark, New York, and Philadelphia. On the other side, Mexico controls the western and midwestern United States composed of Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Phoenix, San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle. According to research by Turning Point, a social care organization featured in the article Hunting Britains Mister Cocaine, written by Tim Bouquet (Boquet, 2007) , In Colombia one kilo of Coca leaves costs a shade over $2. Turned into Cocaine it costs $2000 a kilogram. In Asia one gram of crack in the streets retails for about $120-200. The street name for Cocaine is Crack, taken from the sound the substance makes once it is smoked. It leaves users with an immediate but short-lived high. Users try to extend the high by using more of the drug in increasing amounts until the addiction becomes an uncontrollable urge. Of all the drugs in the streets of the United States, the illegal substance whose propagation has become harder and harder to control over the decades has to be Cocaine. This is because of the entrance of the Dominican drug traffickers into the market with the support of their Colombian counterparts. Street-level distribution of that specific drug is solely the Colombian cartels area. This cartel is proven to be controlling mostly the areas from New England to New York City with the Mexicans being the moving force behind the regular supply transported to New York since the 1990s. Exactly how much does Cocaine cost? Mexico is slowly coming into its own as a country with its own organized crime syndicates. Their drug cartels are regularly gaining more responsibility for the drug trafficking trade into the U. S. as their Colombian counterparts slowly shy away from the U. S. market. The reason for the shift is believed to be the law passed in 1997 by the Colombian National Assembly that imposes repercussions such as the prospect of extradition for overt acts committed on or after the date (December 17, 1997) that the extradition amendment went into effect. With that law in place in their own country, the Colombian drug cartel had to hedge their bets and let someone else take over the market for them. The drug cartels now faced the reality that they had to lessen the chances of the U. S. government gathering any evidences against them that could support an extradition request on the part of the United States government. I am sure that by now, you are already wondering as to how the cocaine manages to make it into the United States then. The travel of cocaine from Columbia to the United States all starts at the Eastern Pacific Ocean. An estimation by various law enforcement agencies in the United States indicates that about 65 % of Cocaine passes through the Central American Mexico border via fishing ships in the area of the Eastern Pacific. The route used is most likely Columbia Mexico or Yucatan Peninsula. There are also some minor routes that can be used which pass through Caribbean; Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti. Haiti is also a fast growing drug trafficking area due to the unsecured political and social situation that exists in the country and continues to get worse every day. Usually though, Haiti serves as a mid shipment point for any cocaine heading for the eastern markets in the United States. Aside from Haiti, other growing threats to the drug trafficking trade and route are the Jamaicans, whose primary market are the Canadian, European, and a portion of the U. S. market. With all of these known facts, one will be led to ponder the question, What can we as a people or as a government do to end drug trafficking in our country? This is a cliche but it is the sad truth that pertains to drug trafficking, ending drug trafficking is easier said than done. This is not to say though that the government of the Unites States has not taken steps to try to lessen, if not eradicate the drug trafficking on American shores.